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Physics: Gravity
Gravity In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas 'weight'), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction, is a fundamental interaction, which may be described as the force that draws mat...
Physics: 1901 Nobel Prize in Physics
1901 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him....
Physics: Aristotle
Aristotle (384) Aristotle (Attic Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, romanized: Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath....
Physics: Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment
Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment By: Galileo Galilei (1589) Between 1589 and 1592, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (then professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa) is said to...
Physics: Energy
Energy Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia) 'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the capacity to do work and in t...
Physics: Aristarchus of Samos
Aristarchus of Samos (310) Aristarchus of Samos (; Ancient Greek: Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ Σάμιος, Aristarkhos ho Samios; c....
Physics: Newton's laws of motion
Newton's laws of motion Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it....
Physics: Force
Force In physics, a force is an action that can cause an object to change its velocity or its shape, or to resist other forces, or to cause changes of pressure in a fluid....
Physics: Democritus
Democritus (460) Democritus (, dim-OCK-rit-əs; Greek: Δημόκριτος, Dēmókritos, meaning "chosen of the people"; c....
Physics: 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics
1902 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman In recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radia...
Physics: Acceleration
Acceleration In mechanics, an acceleration is a change in velocity and is calculated as the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time....
Physics: Ptolemy
Ptolemy (100) Claudius Ptolemy (; Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος, Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c....
Physics: Cavendish experiment
Cavendish experiment By: Henry Cavendish (1797) The Cavendish experiment, performed in 1797–1798 by English scientist Henry Cavendish, was the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between...
Physics: Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation Newton's law of universal gravitation describes gravity as a force by stating that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that...
Physics: Speed of light
Speed of light The speed of light in vacuum, often called simply the speed of light and commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant exactly equal to 299792458 m⋅s−1....
Physics: Time dilation
Time dilation Time dilation is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity, a consequence of special relativity, or a difference in gravitational p...
Physics: Al-Biruni
Al-Biruni (973) Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, known as al-Biruni (c....
Physics: 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics
1903 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, née Skłodowska In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneou...
Physics: Black hole
Black hole A black hole is an astronomical body so compact that its gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping....
Physics: Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473) Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center....
Physics: Foucault pendulum
Foucault pendulum By: Leon Foucault (1851) The Foucault pendulum or Foucault's pendulum is a simple device named after French physicist Léon Foucault, conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the Ea...
Physics: Dark matter
Dark matter In astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is an invisible and hypothetical form of matter that does not interact with light or other electromagnetic radiation....
Physics: Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (1564) Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei, was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer, somet...
Physics: Archimedes' principle
Archimedes' principle Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially, is equal to the weight of the fluid that th...
Physics: Dark energy
Dark energy In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is a proposed form of energy that affects the universe on its largest scales....
Physics: Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (1571) Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German polymath who was an astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and music theorist....
Physics: Photon
Photon A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and...
Physics: Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon (1561) Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England un...
Physics: 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics
1904 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) His investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these st...
Physics: Electron
Electron The electron (e−, or β− in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge....
Physics: Tycho Brahe
Tycho Brahe (1546) Tycho Brahe ( TY-koh BRAH-(h)ee, - BRAH(-hə); Danish: [ˈtsʰykʰo ˈpʁɑːə] ; born Tyge Ottesen Brahe, Danish: [ˈtsʰyːjə ˈʌtəsn̩ ˈpʁɑːə]; 14 December 1546 – 24 October 1601), generall...
Physics: Eötvös experiment
Eötvös experiment By: Lorand Eotvos (1885) The Eötvös experiment was a physics experiment that measured the correlation between inertial mass and gravitational mass, demonstrating that the two were o...
Physics: Proton
Proton A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge)....
Physics: Rene Descartes
Rene Descartes (1596) René Descartes ( day-KART, also DAY-kart; French: [ʁəne dekaʁt] ; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, logician, and mathematician, widely co...
Physics: Hooke's law
Hooke's law In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that i...
Physics: Neutron
Neutron A neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n0, that has no electric charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton....
Physics: Evangelista Torricelli
Evangelista Torricelli (1608) Evangelista Torricelli ( TORR-ee-CHEL-ee, Italian: [evandʒeˈlista torriˈtʃɛlli] ; 15 October 1608 – 25 October 1647) was an Italian physicist and mathematician, and a st...
Physics: Atom
Atom Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements and the fundamental building blocks of matter....
Physics: Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens (1629) Christiaan Huygens, Lord of Zeelhem, ( HY-gənz, US also HOY-gənz; Dutch: [ˈkrɪstijaːn ˈɦœyɣə(n)s] ; also spelled Huyghens; Latin: Hugenius; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was...
Physics: 1905 Nobel Prize in Physics
1905 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard His work on cathode rays....
Physics: Molecule
Molecule A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this c...
Physics: Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke (1635) Robert Hooke (; 18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English polymath who was active as a physicist ('natural philosopher'), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist, and architect....
Physics: Young's interference experiment
Young's interference experiment By: Thomas Young (1803) Young's interference experiment is any one of a number of optical experiments described or performed at the beginning of the nineteenth century...
Physics: Temperature
Temperature In classical thermodynamics and kinetic theory, temperature reflects the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system, providing a quantitative measure of how energy is distributed...
Physics: Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler's laws of planetary motion In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion give good approximations for the orbits of planets around the Sun....
Physics: Pressure
Pressure Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed....
Physics: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (or Leibnitz; 1 July 1646 [O....
Physics: Electric field
Electric field An electric field (sometimes called E-field) is a physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles such as electrons....
Physics: Daniel Bernoulli
Daniel Bernoulli (1700) Daniel Bernoulli ( bur-NOO-lee; Swiss Standard German: [ˈdaːni̯eːl bɛrˈnʊli]; 8 February [O....
Physics: 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics
1906 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Joseph John Thomson In recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases....
Physics: Magnetic field
Magnetic field In electromagnetism, magnetic field is a physical property of space that quantifies the magnetic strength at a given location....
Physics: Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (1707) Leonhard Euler ( OY-lər; 15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a Swiss polymath who was active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician, geographer, music theorist a...
Physics: Michelson–Morley experiment
Michelson–Morley experiment By: Michelson and Morley (1887) The Michelson–Morley experiment was an attempt to measure the motion of the Earth relative to the luminiferous aether, a supposed medium pe...
Physics: Wave
Wave In mathematics and physical science, a wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities....
Physics: Conservation of energy
Conservation of energy The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time....
Physics: Frequency
Frequency Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time....
Physics: Henry Cavendish
Henry Cavendish (1731) Henry Cavendish ( KAV-ən-dish; 10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was an English experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist....
Physics: Wavelength
Wavelength In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats....
Physics: Joseph Priestley
Joseph Priestley (1733) Joseph Priestley (; 24 March 1733 – 6 February 1804) was an English chemist, Unitarian, natural philosopher, separatist theologian, grammarian, multi-subject educator and cla...
Physics: 1907 Nobel Prize in Physics
1907 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Albert Abraham Michelson His optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid....
Physics: Sound
Sound Sound is a phenomenon in which pressure disturbances propagate through an elastic material medium....
Physics: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736) Charles-Augustin de Coulomb ( KOO-lom, -lohm, koo-LOM, -LOHM; French: [kulɔ̃]; 14 June 1736 – 23 August 1806) was a French officer, engineer, and physicist....
Physics: Römer's determination of the speed of light
Römer's determination of the speed of light By: Ole Romer (1676) In 1676, the Danish astronomer Ole Rømer demonstrated that light has an apprehensible, measurable speed and so does not travel instant...
Physics: Heat
Heat In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary....
Physics: Alessandro Volta
Alessandro Volta (1745) Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (UK: , US: ; Italian: [alesˈsandro dʒuˈzɛppe anˈtɔnjo anasˈtaːzjo ˈvɔlta]; 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian chemist ...
Physics: Entropy
Entropy Entropy is a scientific concept, most commonly associated with states of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty....
Physics: Pierre-Simon Laplace
Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749) Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace (; French: [pjɛʁ simɔ̃ laplas]; 23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French polymath, a scholar whose work has been instrumental in the fie...
Physics: Gravity well
Gravity well A sphere of influence (SOI) in astrodynamics and astronomy is the oblate spheroid-shaped region where a particular celestial body exerts the main gravitational influence on an orbiting o...
Physics: Luigi Galvani
Luigi Galvani (1737) Luigi Galvani ( gal-VAH-nee, US also gahl-, Italian: [luˈiːdʒi ɡalˈvaːni]; Latin: Aloysius Galvanus; 9 September 1737 – 4 December 1798) was an Italian physician, physicist, bio...
Physics: 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics
1908 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Gabriel Lippmann His method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference....
Physics: Orbit
Orbit In celestial mechanics, an orbit is the curved trajectory of an object under the influence of an attracting force....
Physics: Joseph Louis Lagrange
Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736) Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia or Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier; 25 January 1736 – 10 April 1813), also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrang...
Physics: Fizeau experiment
Fizeau experiment By: Hippolyte Fizeau (1851) The Fizeau experiment was carried out by Hippolyte Fizeau in 1851 to measure the relative speeds of light in moving water....
Physics: Nuclear fission
Nuclear fission Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei....
Physics: Amedeo Avogadro
Amedeo Avogadro (1776) Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (, also US: , Italian: [ameˈdɛːo avoˈɡaːdro]; 9 August 1776 – 9 July 1856) was an Italian scientist, most no...
Physics: Conservation of angular momentum
Conservation of angular momentum Angular momentum (sometimes called moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum....
Physics: Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus....
Physics: Thomas Young
Thomas Young (1773) Thomas Young may refer to:....
Physics: Radioactivity
Radioactivity Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by ...
Physics: John Dalton
John Dalton (1766) John Dalton (; 5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist whose work laid the foundations of modern atomic theory and stoichiometri...
Physics: 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics
1909 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun In recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy....
Physics: Superconductivity
Superconductivity Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in superconductors: materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material....
Physics: Andre-Marie Ampere
Andre-Marie Ampere (1775) André-Marie Ampère (UK: , US: ; French: [ɑ̃dʁe maʁi ɑ̃pɛʁ]; 20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the scien...
Physics: Aspect's experiment
Aspect's experiment By: Alain Aspect (1982) Aspect's experiment was the first quantum mechanics experiment to demonstrate the violation of Bell's inequalities with photons using distant detectors....
Physics: Plasma (physics)
Plasma (physics) Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma) 'that which has been formed or moulded or the result of forming or moulding') is a state of matter that results from a gaseous state havin...
Physics: Augustin-Jean Fresnel
Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788) Augustin-Jean Fresnel (10 May 1788 – 14 July 1827) was a French civil engineer and physicist whose research in optics led to the almost unanimous acceptance of the wave t...
Physics: Pascal's law
Pascal's law Pascal's law (also Pascal's principle or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure) is a principle in fluid mechanics that states that a pressure change at any point in a confined ...
Physics: Laser
Laser A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation....
Physics: Joseph Fourier
Joseph Fourier (1768) Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (; French: [ʒɑ̃ batist ʒozɛf fuʁje]; 21 March 1768 – 16 May 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist born in Auxerre, Burgundy and best known ...
Physics: Quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon wherein the quantum state of each particle in a group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, even when the particles...
Physics: Hans Christian Orsted
Hans Christian Orsted (1777) Hans Christian Ørsted (Danish: [ˈɶɐ̯steð] ; 14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851), sometimes transliterated as Oersted ( UR-sted), was a Danish chemist and physicist who discove...
Physics: 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics
1910 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Johannes Diderik van der Waals His work on the equation of state for gases and liquids....
Physics: Quantum tunnelling
Quantum tunnelling In physics, quantum tunnelling, barrier penetration, or simply tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an object such as an electron or atom passes through a potenti...
Physics: Sadi Carnot
Sadi Carnot (1796) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (French: [nikɔla leɔnaʁ sadi kaʁno]; 1 June 1796 – 24 August 1832) was a French military engineer and physicist....
Physics: Kite experiment
Kite experiment By: Benjamin Franklin (1752) The kite experiment is a scientific experiment in which a kite with a pointed conductive wire attached to its apex is flown near thunder clouds to collect...
Physics: Antimatter
Antimatter In modern physics, antimatter is defined as matter composed of the antiparticles (or "partners") of the corresponding particles in "ordinary" matter, and can be thought of as matter with r...
Physics: Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday (1791) Michael Faraday ( FAYR-uh-day; 22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English chemist and physicist who contributed vastly to the study of electrochemistry and electromagne...
Physics: Bernoulli's principle
Bernoulli's principle Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, speed and height....
Physics: Cosmic ray
Cosmic ray Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light....
Physics: Robert Brown
Robert Brown (1773) Jason Robert Brown (born June 20, 1970) is an American musical theatre composer, lyricist, and playwright....
Physics: Neutrino
Neutrino A neutrino ( new-TREE-noh; denoted by the Greek letter ν) is an elementary particle that interacts via the weak interaction and gravity....
Physics: Georg Ohm
Georg Ohm (1789) Georg Simon Ohm (; German: [oːm] ; 16 March 1789 – 6 July 1854) was a German mathematician and physicist....
Physics: 1911 Nobel Prize in Physics
1911 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Wilhelm Wien His discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat....
Physics: Quark
Quark A quark ( ) is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter....
Physics: Joseph Henry
Joseph Henry (1797) Joseph Henry (December 17, 1797– May 13, 1878) was an American physicist and inventor who served as the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution....
Physics: Faraday's ice pail experiment
Faraday's ice pail experiment By: Michael Faraday (1843) Faraday's ice pail experiment is a simple electrostatics experiment performed in 1843 by British scientist Michael Faraday that demonstrates t...
Physics: Higgs boson
Higgs boson The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the...
Physics: James Prescott Joule
James Prescott Joule (1818) James Prescott Joule (; 24 December 1818 – 11 October 1889) was an English physicist....
Physics: Torricelli's theorem
Torricelli's theorem Torricelli's law, also known as Torricelli's theorem, is a theorem in fluid dynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing from a hole to the height of fluid above the hole....
Physics: Standard Model
Standard Model The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the un...
Physics: Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821) Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (; German: [ˈhɛʁman fɔn ˈhɛlmˌhɔlts]; 31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894; "von" since 1883) was a German physicist and physician wh...
Physics: String theory
String theory In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings....
Physics: William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) (1824) William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907), was a British mathematician, mathematical physicist and engineer....
Physics: 1912 Nobel Prize in Physics
1912 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Nils Gustaf Dalén His invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys....
Physics: Big Bang
Big Bang The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature....
Physics: Gustav Kirchhoff
Gustav Kirchhoff (1824) Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (German: [ˈgʊstaːf ˈʁoːbɛʁt ˈkɪʁçhɔf]; 12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was a German physicist and mathematician who contributed to the fundamental und...
Physics: Hertz experiment on electromagnetic waves
Hertz experiment on electromagnetic waves By: Heinrich Hertz (1887) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz ( hurts; German: [hɛʁts] ; 22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively p...
Physics: Inflation (cosmology)
Inflation (cosmology) In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the very early universe....
Physics: George Gabriel Stokes
George Gabriel Stokes (1819) Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet ( stohks; 13 August 1819 – 1 February 1903), was an Irish mathematician and physicist....
Physics: Stokes' law
Stokes' law In fluid dynamics, Stokes' law gives the frictional force – also called drag force – exerted on spherical objects moving at very small Reynolds numbers in a viscous fluid....
Physics: Spacetime
Spacetime In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional co...
Physics: Rudolph Clausius
Rudolph Clausius (1822) Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (German pronunciation: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈklaʊzi̯ʊs]; 2 January 1822 – 24 August 1888) was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of...
Physics: Gravitational wave
Gravitational wave Gravitational waves are waves of spacetime curvature that propagate at the speed of light and are produced by the relative motion of gravitating masses....
Physics: James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (1831) James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish physicist and mathematician who was responsible for the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, ...
Physics: 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics
1913 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes His investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium....
Physics: Pulsar
Pulsar A pulsar (pulsating star, on the model of quasar) is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its magnetic poles....
Physics: Ludwig Boltzmann
Ludwig Boltzmann (1844) Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( BAWLTS-mahn or BOHLTS-muhn; German: [ˈluːtvɪç ˈeːduaʁt ˈbɔltsman]; 20 February 1844 – 5 September 1906) was an Austrian mathematician and theoretica...
Physics: Thomson experiment
Thomson experiment By: J. J. Thomson (1897) Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist....
Physics: Neutron star
Neutron star A neutron star is the gravitationally collapsed core of a massive supergiant star....
Physics: Lord Rayleigh
Lord Rayleigh (1842) John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh ( RAY-lee; 12 November 1842 – 30 June 1919), was a British physicist and hereditary peer who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904 f...
Physics: Laws of thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics The laws of thermodynamics are a set of scientific laws which define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic s...
Physics: Josiah Willard Gibbs
Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839) Josiah Willard Gibbs (; February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American mechanical engineer and scientist who made fundamental theoretical contributions to physics, ch...
Physics: Galaxy
Galaxy A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity....
Physics: Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz ( hurts; German: [hɛʁts] ; 22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagne...
Physics: 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics
1914 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Max von Laue His discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals....
Physics: Universe
Universe The universe comprises all of existence: all forms of matter and energy, and the structures they form, from sub-atomic particles to entire galactic filaments....
Physics: Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845) Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German experimental physicist who produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range k...
Physics: Geiger–Marsden experiments
Geiger–Marsden experiments By: Rutherford (1909) The Rutherford scattering experiments were a landmark series of experiments by which scientists learned that every atom has a nucleus where all of it...
Physics: Henri Poincare
Henri Poincare (1854) Jules Henri Poincaré (UK: , US: ; French: [ɑ̃ʁi pwɛ̃kaʁe] ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science...
Physics: Zeroth law of thermodynamics
Zeroth law of thermodynamics The zeroth law of thermodynamics is one of the four principal laws of thermodynamics....
Physics: Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic radiation, organized by frequency or wavelength....
Physics: Hendrik Lorentz
Hendrik Lorentz (1853) Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (18 July 1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch theoretical physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for their discovery and ...
Physics: Infrared
Infrared Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves....
Physics: Pieter Zeeman
Pieter Zeeman (1865) Pieter Zeeman (25 May 1865 – 9 October 1943) was a Dutch experimental physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for their discovery and theoretica...
Physics: 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics
1915 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg Their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays....
Physics: Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet Ultraviolet radiation (UV; sometimes called ultraviolet light) is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 100–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-ray...
Physics: Henry Moseley
Henry Moseley (1887) Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (; 23 November 1887 – 10 August 1915) was an English physicist, whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws ...
Physics: Oil drop experiment
Oil drop experiment By: Robert Millikan (1909) The oil drop experiment was performed by Robert A....
Physics: X-ray
X-ray An X-ray is a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than those of ultraviolet rays and longer than those of gamma rays....
Physics: Marie Curie
Marie Curie (1867) Maria Salomea Skłodowska Curie (Polish: [ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska kiˈri] ; née Skłodowska; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934), better known as Marie Curie ( KURE-ee; French: [maʁi k...
Physics: First law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes....
Physics: Gamma ray
Gamma ray A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol γ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from high-energy interactions like the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei o...
Physics: Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (1859) Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist and chemist, and a pioneer in crystallography and magnetism....
Physics: Microwave
Microwave Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than other radio waves but longer than infrared waves....
Physics: Henri Becquerel
Henri Becquerel (1852) Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French experimental physicist who shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Marie and Pierre Curie for his d...
Physics: 1916 Nobel Prize in Physics
1916 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Prize awarded....
Physics: Radio wave
Radio wave Radio waves (formerly called Hertzian waves) are a type of electromagnetic radiation with the lowest frequencies and the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, typically with...
Physics: J. J. Thomson
J. J. Thomson (1856) Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist....
Physics: Franck–Hertz experiment
Franck–Hertz experiment By: Franck and Hertz (1914) The Franck–Hertz experiment was the first electrical measurement to clearly show the quantum nature of atoms....
Physics: Chaos theory
Chaos theory Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics....
Physics: Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford (1871) Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937), was a New Zealand physicist and chemist who was a pioneering researcher in both atomic a...
Physics: Second law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions....
Physics: Diffraction
Diffraction Diffraction is the deviation of waves from straight-line propagation due to an obstacle or through an aperture, without any change in their energy....
Physics: Max Planck
Max Planck (1858) Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (; German: [ˈmaks ˈplaŋk] ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist....
Physics: Interference (wave propagation)
Interference (wave propagation) In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two coherent waves are combined by adding their intensities or displacements with due consideration for their phase d...
Physics: Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (1879) Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist best known for developing the theory of relativity....
Physics: 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics
1917 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Charles Glover Barkla His discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements....
Physics: Resonance
Resonance Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when an object or system is subjected to an external force or vibration whose frequency matches a resonant frequency (or resonance frequency) of the s...
Physics: Arnold Sommerfeld
Arnold Sommerfeld (1868) Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (German: [ˈaʁnɔlt ˈzɔmɐˌfɛlt]; 5 December 1868 – 26 April 1951) was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in both atomi...
Physics: Stern–Gerlach experiment
Stern–Gerlach experiment By: Stern and Gerlach (1922) In quantum physics, the Stern–Gerlach experiment demonstrated that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized....
Physics: Doppler effect
Doppler effect The Doppler effect (also Doppler shift) is the change in the frequency or, equivalently, the period of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wav...
Physics: Niels Bohr
Niels Bohr (1885) Niels Henrik David Bohr (; Danish: [ˈne̝ls ˈpoɐ̯ˀ]; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic...
Physics: Third law of thermodynamics
Third law of thermodynamics The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system at thermodynamic equilibrium approaches a constant value when its temperature approaches absolut...
Physics: Refraction
Refraction In physics, refraction is the redirection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another....
Physics: Lise Meitner
Lise Meitner (1878) Elise "Lise" Meitner ( MYTE-ner; German: [ˈliːzə ˈmaɪtnɐ] ; 7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was an Austrian and Swedish nuclear physicist who was instrumental in the discovery...
Physics: Reflection (physics)
Reflection (physics) Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated....
Physics: Max Born
Max Born (1882) Max Born (German: [ˈmaks ˈbɔʁn] ; 11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German–British theoretical physicist who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics....
Physics: 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics
1918 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck In recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta....
Physics: Polarization (waves)
Polarization (waves) Polarization, or polarisation, is a property of transverse waves which specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations....
Physics: Louis de Broglie
Louis de Broglie (1892) Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (French: [də bʁɔj] ; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French theoretical physicist and aristocrat known for his contributi...
Physics: Davisson–Germer experiment
Davisson–Germer experiment By: Davisson and Germer (1927) The Davisson–Germer experiment was conducted from 1923 to 1927 by Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer at Western Electric (later Bell Labs)....
Physics: Dispersion (optics)
Dispersion (optics) Dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency....
Physics: Arthur Compton
Arthur Compton (1892) Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) was an American physicist who shared the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics with C....
Physics: Boyle's law
Boyle's law Boyle's law, also referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law or Mariotte's law (especially in France), is an empirical gas law that describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a ...
Physics: Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion....
Physics: Satyendra Nath Bose
Satyendra Nath Bose (1894) Satyendra Nath Bose (; 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician....
Physics: Potential energy
Potential energy In physics, potential energy is the energy of an object or system due to the body's position relative to other objects, or the configuration of its particles....
Physics: Erwin Schrodinger
Erwin Schrodinger (1887) Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961) was an Austrian–Irish theoretical physicist who developed fundamental results in quantum theory....
Physics: 1919 Nobel Prize in Physics
1919 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Johannes Stark His discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields....
Physics: Work (physics)
Work (physics) In science, work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement....
Physics: Werner Heisenberg
Werner Heisenberg (1901) Werner Karl Heisenberg (; German: [ˈvɛʁnɐ ˈhaɪzn̩bɛʁk] ; 5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist, one of the main pioneers of the theory of quan...
Physics: Double-slit experiment
Double-slit experiment By: Various (1909) In modern physics, the double-slit experiment demonstrates that light and matter can exhibit behavior associated with both classical particles and classical ...
Physics: Power (physics)
Power (physics) Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time....
Physics: Paul Dirac
Paul Dirac (1902) Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac ( dih-RAK; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was a British theoretical physicist who is considered to be one of the founders of quantum mechanics....
Physics: Charles's law
Charles's law Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated....
Physics: Electric current
Electric current An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space....
Physics: Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Pauli (1900) Wolfgang Ernst Pauli ( PAW-lee; German: [ˈpaʊ̯li] ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian–Swiss theoretical physicist and a pioneer of quantum mechanics....
Physics: Voltage
Voltage Voltage, also known as (electrical) potential difference, electric pressure, or electric tension, is the difference in electric potential between two points....
Physics: Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (1901) Enrico Fermi (Italian: [enˈriːko ˈfermi]; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian–American physicist, renowned for being the creator of the world's first artificial n...
Physics: 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics
1920 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Charles Edouard Guillaume In recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel all...
Physics: Resistance (electricity)
Resistance (electricity) The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current....
Physics: Robert Millikan
Robert Millikan (1868) Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953) was an American experimental physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923 "for his work on the element...
Physics: Delayed-choice quantum eraser
Delayed-choice quantum eraser By: Marlan Scully (1999) A delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment is an elaboration on the quantum eraser experiment that incorporates concepts considered in John Arch...
Physics: Capacitor
Capacitor A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy by accumulating electric charges on two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from each other....
Physics: Arthur Eddington
Arthur Eddington (1882) Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an English astrophysicist and mathematician....
Physics: Gay-Lussac's law
Gay-Lussac's law Gay-Lussac's law usually refers to Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes of gases, discovered in 1808 and published in 1809....
Physics: Inductor
Inductor An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when an electric current flows through it....
Physics: George Gamow
George Gamow (1904) George Gamow (sometimes Gammoff; born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov; Russian: Гео́ргий Анто́нович Га́мов; March 4 [O....
Physics: Semiconductor
Semiconductor A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator....
Physics: Lev Landau
Lev Landau (1908) Lev Davidovich Landau (Russian: Лев Дави́дович Ланда́у; 22 January 1908 – 1 April 1968) was a Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physic...
Physics: 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics
1921 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Albert Einstein His services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect....
Physics: Transistor
Transistor A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power....
Physics: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (1906) Shinichiro Tomonaga (朝永 振一郎, Tomonaga Shin'ichirō; March 31, 1906 – July 8, 1979), usually cited as Sin-Itiro Tomonaga in English, was a Japanese physicist....
Physics: Chicago Pile-1
Chicago Pile-1 By: Enrico Fermi (1942) Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the first artificial nuclear reactor....
Physics: Integrated circuit
Integrated circuit An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip or simply chip, is a compact assembly of electronic circuits formed from various electronic components, such as transistors, r...
Physics: Albert Abraham Michelson
Albert Abraham Michelson (1852) Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for...
Physics: Avogadro's law
Avogadro's law Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) or Avogadro-Ampère's hypothesis is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the...
Physics: Magnetism
Magnetism Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other....
Physics: Electrostatics
Electrostatics Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies slow-moving or stationary electric charges on macroscopic objects where quantum effects can be neglected....
Physics: Hans Bethe
Hans Bethe (1906) Hans Albrecht Eduard Bethe (; German: [ˈhans ˈbeːtə] ; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American physicist who made major contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, q...
Physics: 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics
1922 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Niels Henrik David Bohr His services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them....
Physics: Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction Electromagnetic induction or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field....
Physics: Richard Feynman
Richard Feynman (1918) Richard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist....
Physics: Wu experiment
Wu experiment By: Chien-Shiung Wu (1956) The Wu experiment was a particle and nuclear physics experiment conducted in 1956 by the Chinese-American physicist Chien-Shiung Wu in collaboration with the ...
Physics: Photoelectric effect
Photoelectric effect The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light....
Physics: Julian Schwinger
Julian Schwinger (1918) Julian Seymour Schwinger (; February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist....
Physics: Stefan–Boltzmann law
Stefan–Boltzmann law The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as Stefan's law, describes the intensity of the thermal radiation emitted by matter in terms of that matter's temperature....
Physics: Compton scattering
Compton scattering Compton scattering (or the Compton effect) is the quantum theory of scattering of a high-frequency photon through an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron....
Physics: Freeman Dyson
Freeman Dyson (1923) Freeman John Dyson (15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020) was a British-American theoretical physicist and mathematician known for his works in quantum field theory, astrophysics...
Physics: Pair production
Pair production Pair production is the creation of a subatomic particle and its antiparticle from a neutral boson....
Physics: John Bardeen
John Bardeen (1908) John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist....
Physics: 1923 Nobel Prize in Physics
1923 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Robert Andrews Millikan His work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect....
Physics: William Shockley
William Shockley (1910) William Bradford Shockley (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist....
Physics: Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment
Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment By: Cowan and Reines (1956) The Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment was conducted by physicists Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956....
Physics: Synchrotron radiation
Synchrotron radiation Synchrotron radiation (also known as magnetobremsstrahlung) is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when relativistic charged particles are subject to an acceleration perpendic...
Physics: Walter Brattain
Walter Brattain (1902) Walter Houser Brattain ( BRAT-n; February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was an American physicist who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics with John Bardeen and William Shockl...
Physics: Wien's displacement law
Wien's displacement law In physics, Wien's displacement law states that the black-body radiation curve for different temperatures will peak at different wavelengths that are inversely proportional to...
Physics: Absolute zero
Absolute zero Absolute zero is the lowest theoretically possible temperature, a state at which a system's internal energy, and in ideal cases entropy, reach their minimum values....
Physics: Murray Gell-Mann
Murray Gell-Mann (1929) Murray Gell-Mann (; September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019) was an American theoretical physicist who played a preeminent role in the development of the theory of elementary partic...
Physics: Bose–Einstein condensate
Bose–Einstein condensate In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatur...
Physics: Sheldon Glashow
Sheldon Glashow (1932) Sheldon Lee Glashow (US: , UK: ; born December 5, 1932) is an American theoretical physicist....
Physics: 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics
1924 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn His discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy....
Physics: Superfluidity
Superfluidity Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy....
Physics: Steven Weinberg
Steven Weinberg (1933) Steven Weinberg (; May 3, 1933 – July 23, 2021) was an American theoretical physicist....
Physics: Search for the Higgs boson
Search for the Higgs boson By: CERN (2012) The search for the Higgs boson was a 40-year effort by physicists to prove the existence or non-existence of the Higgs boson, first theorised in the 1960s....
Physics: Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, ...
Physics: Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam (1926) Mohammad Abdus Salam (; 29 January 1926 – 21 November 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate....
Physics: Fourier's law of heat conduction
Fourier's law of heat conduction Thermal conduction is the diffusion of thermal energy (heat) within one material or between materials in contact....
Physics: Hall effect
Hall effect The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference, across an electrical conductor, that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field pe...
Physics: Peter Higgs
Peter Higgs (1929) Peter Ware Higgs (29 May 1929 – 8 April 2024) was a British theoretical physicist, professor at the University of Edinburgh, and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the mass ...
Physics: Mach number
Mach number The Mach number (M or Ma), often only Mach (; German: [max]), is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of s...
Physics: John Bell
John Bell (1928) John Bell may refer to:....
Physics: 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics
1925 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz Their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom....
Physics: Terminal velocity
Terminal velocity Terminal velocity is the maximum speed attainable by an object as it falls through a fluid (air is the most common example)....
Physics: David Bohm
David Bohm (1917) David Joseph Bohm (; 20 December 1917 – 27 October 1992) was an American physicist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century ...
Physics: Rutherford scattering experiments
Rutherford scattering experiments By: Ernest Rutherford (1911) The Rutherford scattering experiments were a landmark series of experiments by which scientists learned that every atom has a nucleus w...
Physics: Viscosity
Viscosity When two fluid layers move relative to each other, a friction force develops between them and the slower layer acts to slow down the faster layer....
Physics: Stephen Hawking
Stephen Hawking (1942) Stephen William Hawking (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical astrophysicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theor...
Physics: Coulomb's law
Coulomb's law Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest....
Physics: Surface tension
Surface tension Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible....
Physics: Roger Penrose
Roger Penrose (1931) Sir Roger Penrose (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematician, mathematical physicist, and philosopher of science....
Physics: Capillary action
Capillary action Capillary action (sometimes called capillarity, capillary motion, capillary rise, capillary effect, or wicking) is the process of a liquid flowing in a narrow space without the assis...
Physics: Kip Thorne
Kip Thorne (1940) Kip Stephen Thorne (born June 1, 1940) is an American astrophysicist and author....
Physics: 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics
1926 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Jean Baptiste Perrin His work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium....
Physics: Buoyancy
Buoyancy Buoyancy (), or upthrust, is the force exerted by a fluid opposing the weight of a partially or fully immersed object (which may also be a parcel of fluid)....
Physics: John Wheeler
John Wheeler (1911) John Archibald Wheeler (July 9, 1911 – April 13, 2008) was an American theoretical physicist....
Physics: Eddington experiment
Eddington experiment By: Arthur Eddington (1919) The Eddington experiment was an observational test of general relativity, organised by the British astronomers Frank Watson Dyson and Arthur Stanley E...
Physics: Centripetal force
Centripetal force Centripetal force (from Latin centrum 'center' and petere 'to seek') is the force that makes a body follow a curved path....
Physics: Carl Sagan
Carl Sagan (1934) Carl Edward Sagan (; SAY-gən; November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist and science communicator....
Physics: Ohm's law
Ohm's law Ohm's law states that the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points....
Physics: Angular momentum
Angular momentum Angular momentum (sometimes called moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum....
Physics: Vera Rubin
Vera Rubin (1928) Vera Florence Cooper Rubin (; July 23, 1928 – December 25, 2016) was an American astronomer who pioneered work on galaxy rotation rates....
Physics: Torque
Torque In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational correspondent of linear force....
Physics: Chien-Shiung Wu
Chien-Shiung Wu (1912) Chien-Shiung Wu (Chinese: 吳健雄; pinyin: Wú Jiànxióng; May 31, 1912 – February 16, 1997), also known as Madame Wu, was a Chinese-American particle and experimental physicist who ...
Physics: 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics
1927 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson His discovery of the effect named after him / for his method of making the paths of electrically charged par...
Physics: Simple harmonic motion
Simple harmonic motion In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion (sometimes abbreviated as SHM) is a special type of periodic motion an object experiences by means of a restoring force whose m...
Physics: Emmy Noether
Emmy Noether (1882) Amalie Emmy Noether (23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935) was a German mathematician who made many important contributions to abstract algebra....
Physics: Pound–Rebka experiment
Pound–Rebka experiment By: Pound and Rebka (1959) The Pound–Rebka experiment monitored frequency shifts in gamma rays as they rose and fell in the gravitational field of the Earth....
Physics: Pendulum
Pendulum A pendulum is a device made of a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely....
Physics: Maria Goeppert Mayer
Maria Goeppert Mayer (1906) Maria Goeppert Mayer (German: [maˈʁiːa ˈɡœpɐt ˈmaɪɐ] ; née Göppert; June 28, 1906 – February 20, 1972) was a German–American theoretical physicist who shared the 1963 Nobe...
Physics: Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction In electromagnetism, Faraday's law of induction describes how a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a circuit....
Physics: Spring (device)
Spring (device) A spring is a device consisting of an elastic but largely rigid material (typically metal) bent or molded into a form (especially a coil) that can return into shape after being compre...
Physics: Cecil Powell
Cecil Powell (1903) Cecil Frank Powell (5 December 1903 – 9 August 1969) was a British experimental physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1950 for heading the team that developed the p...
Physics: Lens (optics)
Lens (optics) A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction....
Physics: Patrick Blackett
Patrick Blackett (1897) Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett of Chelsea (18 November 1897 – 13 July 1974), was an English experimental physicist and life peer who received the 1948 Nobel P...
Physics: 1928 Nobel Prize in Physics
1928 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Owen Willans Richardson His work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him....
Physics: Mirror
Mirror A mirror, also known as a looking glass, is an object that reflects an image....
Physics: Francis Crick
Francis Crick (1916) Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist....
Physics: Gravity Probe B
Gravity Probe B By: NASA / Stanford (2004) Gravity Probe B (GP-B) was a satellite-based experiment whose objective was to test two previously-unverified predictions of general relativity: the geodeti...
Physics: Prism (optics)
Prism (optics) An optical prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that are designed to refract light....
Physics: Leo Szilard
Leo Szilard (1898) Leo Szilard (; Hungarian: Leó Szilárd [ˈlɛoː ˈsilaːrd]; born Leó Spitz; February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a Hungarian-born American physicist, biologist and inventor who made n...
Physics: Lenz's law
Lenz's law Lenz's law states that the direction of the electric current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is such that the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes chan...
Physics: Telescope
Telescope A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation....
Physics: Edward Teller
Edward Teller (1908) Edward Teller (Hungarian: Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist and chemical engineer who is known colloquially as "the...
Physics: Microscope
Microscope A microscope (from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós) 'small' and σκοπέω (skopéō) 'to look (at); examine, inspect') is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be...
Physics: Klaus von Klitzing
Klaus von Klitzing (1943) Klaus von Klitzing (German: [ˈklaʊs fɔn ˈklɪtsɪŋ] ; born 28 June 1943) is a German physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, for which he was awarde...
Physics: 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics
1929 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie His discovery of the wave nature of electrons....
Physics: Roy Glauber
Roy Glauber (1925) Roy Jay Glauber (September 1, 1925 – December 26, 2018) was an American theoretical physicist....
Physics: First observation of gravitational waves
First observation of gravitational waves By: LIGO (2015) The first direct observation of gravitational waves was made on 14 September 2015 and was announced by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations on 11...
Physics: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ( CHƏN-drə-SHAY-kər; Tamil: சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர், romanized: Cuppiramaṇiyaṉ Cantiracēkar; 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995) was an In...
Physics: Ampere's circuital law
Ampere's circuital law In classical electromagnetism, Ampère's circuital law, often simply called Ampère's law, and sometimes Oersted's law, relates the circulation of a magnetic field around a close...
Physics: Edwin Hubble
Edwin Hubble (1889) Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer....
Physics: Georges Lemaitre
Georges Lemaitre (1894) Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître ( lə-MET-rə; French: [ʒɔʁʒ ləmɛːtʁ] ; 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian Catholic priest, theoretical physicist, and mathematicia...
Physics: 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics
1930 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman His work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him....
Physics: James Chadwick
James Chadwick (1891) Sir James Chadwick (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was a British experimental physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935 for his discovery of the neutron....
Physics: Torricelli's experiment
Torricelli's experiment By: Evangelista Torricelli (1643) Torricelli's experiment was invented in Pisa in 1643 by the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647)....
Physics: Carl Anderson
Carl Anderson (1905) Carlton Earl "Carl" Anderson (February 27, 1945 – February 23, 2004) was an American singer, film and theater actor best known for his portrayal of Judas Iscariot in the Broadway...
Physics: Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations Maxwell's equations are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical opt...
Physics: Hideki Yukawa
Hideki Yukawa (1907) Hideki Yukawa (Japanese: 湯川 秀樹; né Ogawa; 23 January 1907 – 8 September 1981) was a Japanese theoretical physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1949 "for his predic...
Physics: Chen Ning Yang
Chen Ning Yang (1922) Yang Chen-Ning (simplified Chinese: 杨振宁; traditional Chinese: 楊振寧; pinyin: Yáng Zhènníng; October 1, 1922 – October 18, 2025) also known as C....
Physics: 1931 Nobel Prize in Physics
1931 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Prize awarded....
Physics: Tsung-Dao Lee
Tsung-Dao Lee (1926) Tsung-Dao Lee (Chinese: 李政道; pinyin: Lǐ Zhèngdào; November 24, 1926 – August 4, 2024) was a Chinese-American physicist known for his work on parity violation, the Lee–Yang theore...
Physics: Magdeburg hemispheres
Magdeburg hemispheres By: Otto von Guericke (1654) The Magdeburg hemispheres are a pair of large copper hemispheres with mating rims that were used in a famous 1654 experiment to demonstrate the powe...
Physics: Burton Richter
Burton Richter (1931) Burton Richter (March 22, 1931 – July 18, 2018) was an American physicist....
Physics: Snell's law
Snell's law Snell's law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law, and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referrin...
Physics: Samuel Ting
Samuel Ting (1936) Chao Chung Ting (Chinese: 丁肇中; pinyin: Dīng Zhàozhōng, born January 27, 1936), also known by his English name Samuel, is a Taiwanese-American particle physicist who was awarded the...
Physics: Leon Lederman
Leon Lederman (1922) Leon Max Lederman (July 15, 1922 – October 3, 2018) was an American experimental physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988, along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack St...
Physics: 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics
1932 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Werner Karl Heisenberg The creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen....
Physics: Melvin Schwartz
Melvin Schwartz (1932) Melvin Schwartz ( SHWORTS; November 2, 1932 – August 28, 2006) was an American physicist....
Physics: Joule's paddle wheel experiment
Joule's paddle wheel experiment By: James Joule (1843) James Prescott Joule (; 24 December 1818 – 11 October 1889) was an English physicist....
Physics: Jack Steinberger
Jack Steinberger (1921) Jack Steinberger (born Hans Jakob Steinberger; May 25, 1921 – December 12, 2020) was a German-born American physicist noted for his work with neutrinos, the subatomic particle...
Physics: Brewster's angle
Brewster's angle Brewster's angle (also known as the polarization angle) is the angle of incidence at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielect...
Physics: Carlo Rubbia
Carlo Rubbia (1934) Carlo Rubbia (born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the disc...
Physics: Simon van der Meer
Simon van der Meer (1925) Simon van der Meer (24 November 1925 – 4 March 2011) was a Dutch particle accelerator physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Carlo Rubbia for contribut...
Physics: 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics
1933 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac The discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory....
Physics: Georges Charpak
Georges Charpak (1924) Hersz Georges Charpak (French: [ʒɔʁʒ ʃaʁpak]; 1 August 1924 – 29 September 2010) was a Polish-born French physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1992 for his inve...
Physics: Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation By: Penzias and Wilson (1964) The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation constitutes a major development in modern physical cosmology....
Physics: Frank Wilczek
Frank Wilczek (1951) Frank Anthony Wilczek ( or ; born May 15, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist....
Physics: Beer–Lambert law
Beer–Lambert law The Beer–Lambert law (also known as Beer’s law) is used to determine the concentration of substances in a solution....
Physics: David Gross
David Gross (1941) David Jonathan Gross (; born February 19, 1941) is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist....
Physics: Hugh Politzer
Hugh Politzer (1949) Hugh David Politzer (; born August 31, 1949) is an American theoretical physicist....
Physics: 1934 Nobel Prize in Physics
1934 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Prize awarded....
Physics: Makoto Kobayashi
Makoto Kobayashi (1944) Makoto Kobayashi (小林 誠, Kobayashi Makoto; born April 7, 1944) is a Japanese physicist known for his work on CP-violation who was awarded one-fourth of the 2008 Nobel Prize in ...
Physics: Homestake experiment
Homestake experiment By: Raymond Davis Jr. (1967) The Homestake experiment (sometimes referred to as the Davis experiment or Solar Neutrino Experiment and in original literature called Brookhaven Sol...
Physics: Toshihide Maskawa
Toshihide Maskawa (1940) Toshihide Maskawa (or Masukawa) (益川 敏英, Masukawa Toshihide; 7 February 1940 – 23 July 2021) was a Japanese theoretical physicist known for his work on CP-violation who was aw...
Physics: Uncertainty principle
Uncertainty principle The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics....
Physics: Yoichiro Nambu
Yoichiro Nambu (1921) Yoichiro Nambu (南部 陽一郎, Nanbu Yōichirō; 18 January 1921 – 5 July 2015) was a Japanese-American physicist and professor at the University of Chicago....
Physics: Francois Englert
Francois Englert (1932) François, Baron Englert (French: [ɑ̃ɡlɛʁ]; born 6 November 1932) is a Belgian theoretical physicist and 2013 Nobel Prize laureate....
Physics: 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics
1935 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: James Chadwick The discovery of the neutron....
Physics: Jerome Friedman
Jerome Friedman (1930) Jerome Isaac Friedman (born March 28, 1930) is an American physicist....
Physics: Henry Kendall
Henry Kendall (1926) Henry Kendall may refer to:....
Physics: Pauli exclusion principle
Pauli exclusion principle In quantum mechanics, the Pauli exclusion principle (German: Pauli-Ausschlussprinzip) states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i....
Physics: Richard Taylor
Richard Taylor (1929) Richard Taylor may refer to:....
Physics: Philip Anderson
Philip Anderson (1923) Michael Phillip Anderson (December 25, 1959 – February 1, 2003) was a United States Air Force officer and NASA astronaut....
Physics: 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics
1936 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Victor Franz Hess, Carl David Anderson His discovery of cosmic radiation / for his discovery of the positron....
Physics: Lev Gor'kov
Lev Gor'kov (1929) Lev Petrovich Gor'kov (Russian: Лев Петро́вич Горько́в; 14 June 1929 – 28 December 2016) was a Russian-American research physicist internationally known for his pioneering work in ...
Physics: John Schrieffer
John Schrieffer (1931) John Robert Schrieffer (; May 31, 1931 – July 27, 2019) was an American physicist who, with John Bardeen and Leon Cooper, was a recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics for...
Physics: Photoelectric effect
Photoelectric effect The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light....
Physics: Brian Josephson
Brian Josephson (1940) Brian David Josephson (born 4 January 1940) is a British theoretical physicist and emeritus professor at the University of Cambridge....
Physics: Ivar Giaever
Ivar Giaever (1929) Ivar Giaever (April 5, 1929 – June 20, 2025) was a Norwegian–American experimental physicist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics with Leo Esaki and Brian Josephson....
Physics: 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics
1937 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson Their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals....
Physics: Leo Esaki
Leo Esaki (1925) Leo Esaki (born March 12, 1925) is a Japanese solid-state physicist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson for his work on tunneling in semi...
Physics: Andre Geim
Andre Geim (1958) Sir Andre Konstantin Geim (Russian: Андре́й Константи́нович Гейм; born 21 October 1958; IPA1 pronunciation: ɑːndreɪ gaɪm) is a Russian-born British physicist working in England in t...
Physics: De Broglie hypothesis
De Broglie hypothesis Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics, being half of wave–particle duality....
Physics: Konstantin Novoselov
Konstantin Novoselov (1974) Sir Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov (Russian: Константи́н Серге́евич Новосёлов, IPA: [kənstɐnʲˈtʲin sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ nəvɐˈsʲɵləf]; born 23 August 1974) is a Russian–Briti...
Physics: Albert Fert
Albert Fert (1938) Albert Fert (French: [albɛʁ fɛʁ]; born 7 March 1938) is a French physicist and one of the discoverers of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard...
Physics: 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics
1938 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Enrico Fermi His demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactio...
Physics: Peter Grunberg
Peter Grunberg (1939) Peter Andreas Grünberg (German: [ˈpeːtɐ ˈɡʁyːnbɛʁk] ; 18 May 1939 – 7 April 2018) was a German physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his discovery with Albert Fert ...
Physics: Arno Penzias
Arno Penzias (1933) Arno Allan Penzias (; April 26, 1933 – January 22, 2024) was an American physicist and radio astronomer....
Physics: Born rule
Born rule The Born rule is a postulate of quantum mechanics that gives the probability that a measurement of a quantum system will yield a given result....
Physics: Robert Wilson
Robert Wilson (1936) Robert Wilson may refer to:....
Physics: George Smoot
George Smoot (1945) George Fitzgerald Smoot III (February 20, 1945 – September 18, 2025) was an American astrophysicist and cosmologist....
Physics: 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics
1939 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Ernest Orlando Lawrence The invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elem...
Physics: John Mather
John Mather (1946) John Cromwell Mather (born August 7, 1946) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist....
Physics: Saul Perlmutter
Saul Perlmutter (1959) Saul Perlmutter (born September 22, 1959) is an American astrophysicist who is a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he holds the Franklin W....
Physics: Fermi's golden rule
Fermi's golden rule In quantum physics, Fermi's golden rule is a formula that describes the transition rate (the probability of a transition per unit time) from one energy eigenstate of a quantum sys...
Physics: Brian Schmidt
Brian Schmidt (1967) Brian Paul Schmidt (born 24 February 1967) is an American Australian astrophysicist at the Australian National University's Mount Stromlo Observatory and Research School of Astro...
Physics: Adam Riess
Adam Riess (1969) Adam Guy Riess (born December 16, 1969) is an American astrophysicist and Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University and the Space Telescope Science Institute....
Physics: 1940 Nobel Prize in Physics
1940 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Prize awarded....
Physics: Russell Hulse
Russell Hulse (1950) Russell Alan Hulse (born November 28, 1950) is an American astrophysicist....
Physics: Joseph Taylor
Joseph Taylor (1941) Joseph or Joe Taylor may refer to:....
Physics: Special relativity
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time....
Physics: Andrea Ghez
Andrea Ghez (1965) Andrea Mia Ghez (born June 16, 1965) is an American astrophysicist....
Physics: Reinhard Genzel
Reinhard Genzel (1952) Reinhard Genzel (German pronunciation: [ˈʁaɪnhaʁt ˈɡɛntsl̩] ; born 24 March 1952) is a German astrophysicist, co-director of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Phys...
Physics: 1941 Nobel Prize in Physics
1941 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Prize awarded....
Physics: Alan Guth
Alan Guth (1947) Alan Harvey Guth (; born February 27, 1947) is an American theoretical physicist and cosmologist who is the Victor Weisskopf Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Te...
Physics: Andrei Linde
Andrei Linde (1948) Andrei Dmitriyevich Linde (Russian: russisch Андрей Дмитриевич Линде; born March 2, 1948) is a Russian-American theoretical physicist and the Harald Trap Friis Professor of Physic...
Physics: General relativity
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in May ...
Physics: Neil deGrasse Tyson
Neil deGrasse Tyson (1958) Neil deGrasse Tyson (US: də-GRASS or UK: də-GRAHSS; born October 5, 1958) is an American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator....
Physics: Theodore Maiman
Theodore Maiman (1927) Theodore Harold Maiman (July 11, 1927 – May 5, 2007) was an American engineer and physicist who is widely credited with the invention of the laser....
Physics: 1942 Nobel Prize in Physics
1942 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Prize awarded....
Physics: Charles Townes
Charles Townes (1915) Charles Hard Townes (July 28, 1915 – January 27, 2015) was an American physicist....
Physics: Arthur Schawlow
Arthur Schawlow (1921) Arthur Leonard Schawlow (May 5, 1921 – April 28, 1999) was an American physicist who, along with Charles Townes, developed the theoretical basis for laser science....
Physics: Equivalence principle
Equivalence principle The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature....
Physics: Nicolaas Bloembergen
Nicolaas Bloembergen (1920) Nicolaas Bloembergen (March 11, 1920 – September 5, 2017) was a Dutch–American physicist recognized for his work in developing driving principles behind nonlinear optics f...
Physics: John Hall
John Hall (1934) John Hall may refer to:....
Physics: 1943 Nobel Prize in Physics
1943 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Otto Stern His contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton....
Physics: Theodor Hansch
Theodor Hansch (1941) Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch (German pronunciation: [ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈhɛnʃ] ; born 30 October 1941) is a German physicist....
Physics: Serge Haroche
Serge Haroche (1944) Serge Haroche (French pronunciation: [sɛʁʒ aʁɔʃ]; born 11 September 1944) is a French physicist who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physics jointly with David J....
Physics: Lorentz transformation
Lorentz transformation In physics, the Lorentz transformations are a six-parameter family of linear transformations from a coordinate frame in spacetime to another frame that moves at a constant velo...
Physics: David Wineland
David Wineland (1944) David Jeffery Wineland (born February 24, 1944) is an American physicist at the Physical Measurement Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)....
Physics: Donna Strickland
Donna Strickland (1959) Donna Theo Strickland (born May 27, 1959) is a Canadian optical physicist and pioneer in the field of pulsed lasers....
Physics: 1944 Nobel Prize in Physics
1944 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Isidor Isaac Rabi His resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei....
Physics: Gerard Mourou
Gerard Mourou (1944) Gérard Albert Mourou (French: [ʒeʁaʁ muʁu]; born 22 June 1944) is a French scientist and pioneer in the field of electrical engineering and lasers....
Physics: Alain Aspect
Alain Aspect (1947) Alain Jean Aspect (French: [aspɛ] ; born 15 June 1947) is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement....
Physics: Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy...
Physics: John Clauser
John Clauser (1942) John Francis Clauser (; born December 1, 1942) is an American theoretical and experimental physicist known for contributions to the foundations of quantum mechanics, in particular...
Physics: Anton Zeilinger
Anton Zeilinger (1945) Anton Zeilinger (German: [ˈanton ˈtsaɪlɪŋɐ]; born 20 May 1945) is an Austrian quantum physicist and Nobel laureate in physics of 2022....
Physics: 1945 Nobel Prize in Physics
1945 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Wolfgang Pauli The discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle....
Physics: Anne L'Huillier
Anne L'Huillier (1958) Anne Geneviève L'Huillier (French: [an lɥije]; born 16 August 1958) is a French physicist....
Physics: Pierre Agostini
Pierre Agostini (1941) Pierre Agostini (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ aɡɔstini]; born 23 July 1941) is a French experimental physicist and Emeritus professor at the Ohio State University in the United ...
Physics: Rutherford model
Rutherford model The Rutherford model is a name for the concept that an atom contains a compact nucleus....
Physics: Ferenc Krausz
Ferenc Krausz (1962) Ferenc Krausz (born 17 May 1962) is a Hungarian physicist working in attosecond science....
Physics: Frederick Reines
Frederick Reines (1918) Frederick Reines ( RY-nəs; March 16, 1918 – August 26, 1998) was an American physicist....
Physics: 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics
1946 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Percy Williams Bridgman The invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pres...
Physics: Masatoshi Koshiba
Masatoshi Koshiba (1926) Masatoshi Koshiba (小柴 昌俊, Koshiba Masatoshi; 19 September 1926 – 12 November 2020) was a Japanese physicist and one of the founders of neutrino astronomy....
Physics: Bohr model
Bohr model In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model is an obsolete model of the atom that incorporated some early quantum concepts....
Physics: Takaaki Kajita
Takaaki Kajita (1959) Takaaki Kajita (梶田 隆章, Kajita Takaaki; Japanese pronunciation: [kadʑita takaːki]; born 9 March 1959) is a Japanese physicist, known for neutrino experiments at the Kamioka Obser...
Physics: 1947 Nobel Prize in Physics
1947 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Sir Edward Victor Appleton His investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer....
Physics: Rainer Weiss
Rainer Weiss (1932) Rainer Weiss ( WYSSE, German: [vaɪs]; September 29, 1932 – August 25, 2025) was a German-American physicist, known for his contributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics....
Physics: Barry Barish
Barry Barish (1936) Barry Clark Barish (born January 27, 1936) is an American experimental physicist and Nobel Laureate....
Physics: Le Chatelier's principle
Le Chatelier's principle In chemistry, Le Chatelier's principle (pronounced UK: or US: ) is a principle used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on chemical equilibrium....
Physics: Karl Schwarzschild
Karl Schwarzschild (1873) Karl Schwarzschild (German: [kaʁl ˈʃvaʁtsʃɪlt] ; 9 October 1873 – 11 May 1916) was a German physicist and astronomer....
Physics: 1948 Nobel Prize in Physics
1948 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett His development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic ...
Physics: Michio Kaku
Michio Kaku (1947) Michio Kaku (; born January 24, 1947) is an American theoretical physicist, science communicator, futurologist, and writer of popular science....
Physics: Lisa Randall
Lisa Randall (1962) Lisa Randall (born June 18, 1962) is an American theoretical physicist and Frank B....
Physics: Mach's principle
Mach's principle In theoretical physics, particularly in discussions of gravitation theories, Mach's principle (or Mach's conjecture) is the name given by Albert Einstein to an imprecise hypothesis o...
Physics: Carlo Rovelli
Carlo Rovelli (1956) Carlo Rovelli (born 3 May 1956) is an Italian theoretical physicist and writer who has worked in Italy, the United States, France, and Canada....
Physics: Lee Smolin
Lee Smolin (1955) Lee Smolin (; born June 6, 1955) is an American theoretical physicist, a founding member of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, an adjunct professor of physics at the U...
Physics: 1949 Nobel Prize in Physics
1949 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Hideki Yukawa His prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces....
Physics: Leonard Susskind
Leonard Susskind (1940) Leonard Susskind (; born June 16, 1940) is an American theoretical physicist, professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University and founding director of the Stanford Ins...
Physics: Edward Witten
Edward Witten (1951) Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist known for his contributions to string theory, topological quantum field theory, and various areas of mat...
Physics: Superposition principle
Superposition principle The superposition principle, also known as superposition property, states that, for all linear systems, the net response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the respon...
Physics: Juan Maldacena
Juan Maldacena (1968) Juan Martín Maldacena (Latin American Spanish: [maldaˈsena]; born 10 September 1968) is an Argentine theoretical physicist and the Carl P....
Physics: Erik Verlinde
Erik Verlinde (1962) Erik Peter Verlinde (Dutch: [ˈeːrɪk ˈpeːtər vərˈlɪndə]; born 21 January 1962) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and string theorist....
Physics: 1950 Nobel Prize in Physics
1950 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Cecil Frank Powell His development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method....
Physics: Complementarity (physics)
Complementarity (physics) In physics, complementarity is a conceptual aspect of quantum mechanics that Niels Bohr regarded as an essential feature of the theory....
Physics: 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics
1951 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles....
Physics: Wave–particle duality
Wave–particle duality Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave properties according to...
Physics: 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics
1952 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Felix Bloch, Edward Mills Purcell Their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith....
Physics: Causality (physics)
Causality (physics) In physics, causality requires the cause of an event to be in the past light cone of the result and to be ultimately reducible to fundamental interactions....
Physics: 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics
1953 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Frits Zernike His demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope....
Physics: Noether's theorem
Noether's theorem Noether's theorem states that every continuous symmetry of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding conservation law....
Physics: 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics
1954 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Max Born, Walther Bothe His fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction / for the coincidence...
Physics: Bell's theorem
Bell's theorem Bell's theorem is a term encompassing a number of closely related results in physics, all of which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories,...
Physics: 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics
1955 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Willis Eugene Lamb, Polykarp Kusch His discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum / for his precision determination of the magnetic mo...
Physics: CPT symmetry
CPT symmetry Charge, parity, and time reversal symmetry is a fundamental symmetry of physical laws under the simultaneous transformations of charge conjugation (C), parity transformation (P), and tim...
Physics: 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics
1956 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain Their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect....
Physics: Hubble's law
Hubble's law Hubble's law, officially the Hubble–Lemaître law, is the observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance....
Physics: 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics
1957 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee Their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the element...
Physics: Inverse-square law
Inverse-square law In physical science, an inverse-square law is any scientific law stating that the observed "intensity" of a specified physical quantity (being nothing more than the value of the ph...
Physics: 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics
1958 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank, Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm The discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect....
Physics: 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics
1959 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Emilio Gino Segrè, Owen Chamberlain Their discovery of the antiproton....
Physics: 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics
1960 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Donald Arthur Glaser The invention of the bubble chamber....
Physics: 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics
1961 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer His pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning ...
Physics: 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics
1962 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Lev Davidovich Landau His pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium....
Physics: 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics
1963 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen His contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly t...
Physics: 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics
1964 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov Fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the ...
Physics: 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics
1965 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman Their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics o...
Physics: 1966 Nobel Prize in Physics
1966 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Alfred Kastler The discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms....
Physics: 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics
1967 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Hans Albrecht Bethe His contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars....
Physics: 1968 Nobel Prize in Physics
1968 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Luis Walter Alvarez His decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possibl...
Physics: 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics
1969 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Murray Gell-Mann His contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions....
Physics: 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics
1970 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, Louis Eugène Félix Néel Fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of p...
Physics: 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics
1971 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Dennis Gabor His invention and development of the holographic method....
Physics: 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics
1972 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer Their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory....
Physics: 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics
1973 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson Their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectivel...
Physics: 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics
1974 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Sir Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish Their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthe...
Physics: 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics
1975 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, Leo James Rainwater The discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the...
Physics: 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics
1976 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting Their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind....
Physics: 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics
1977 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck Their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic...
Physics: 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics
1978 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson His basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics / for their d...
Physics: 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics
1979 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg Their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary par...
Physics: 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics
1980 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch The discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons....
Physics: 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics
1981 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn Their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy / for his contribution to the devel...
Physics: 1982 Nobel Prize in Physics
1982 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Kenneth G. Wilson His theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions....
Physics: 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics
1983 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler His theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars ...
Physics: 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics
1984 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer Their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators o...
Physics: 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics
1985 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Klaus von Klitzing The discovery of the quantized Hall effect....
Physics: 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics
1986 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer His fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope / for their design of t...
Physics: 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics
1987 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller Their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials....
Physics: 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics
1988 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger The neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discove...
Physics: 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics
1989 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul The invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic c...
Physics: 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics
1990 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor Their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound...
Physics: 1991 Nobel Prize in Physics
1991 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, ...
Physics: 1992 Nobel Prize in Physics
1992 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Georges Charpak His invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber....
Physics: 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics
1993 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr. The discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation....
Physics: 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics
1994 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull The development of neutron spectroscopy / for the development of the neutron diffraction technique....
Physics: 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics
1995 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines The discovery of the tau lepton / for the detection of the neutrino....
Physics: 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics
1996 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson Their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3....
Physics: 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics
1997 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips Development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light....
Physics: 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics
1998 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui Their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations....
Physics: 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics
1999 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman Elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics....
Physics: 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics
2000 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby Developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics / for his part in the inv...
Physics: 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics
2001 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman The achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental st...
Physics: 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics
2002 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi Pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos / for pi...
Physics: 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics
2003 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett Pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids....
Physics: 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics
2004 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek The discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction....
Physics: 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics
2005 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch His contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence / for their contributions to the development of la...
Physics: 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics
2006 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: John C. Mather, George F. Smoot Their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation....
Physics: 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics
2007 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg The discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance....
Physics: 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics
2008 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa The discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics / for the discovery of ...
Physics: 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics
2009 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Charles Kuen Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith Groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication / for...
Physics: 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics
2010 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov Groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene....
Physics: 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt, Adam G. Riess The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae....
Physics: 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics
2012 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Serge Haroche, David J. Wineland Ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems....
Physics: 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics
2013 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: François Englert, Peter W. Higgs The theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, ...
Physics: 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics
2014 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura The invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sour...
Physics: 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics
2015 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Takaaki Kajita, Arthur B. McDonald The discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass....
Physics: 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics
2016 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane, J. Michael Kosterlitz Theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter....
Physics: 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics
2017 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Rainer Weiss, Barry C. Barish, Kip S. Thorne Decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves....
Physics: 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics
2018 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Arthur Ashkin, Gérard Mourou, Donna Strickland The optical tweezers and their application to biological systems / for their method of generating high-intensit...
Physics: 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics
2019 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: James Peebles, Michel Mayor, Didier Queloz Theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology / for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star....
Physics: 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics
2020 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel, Andrea Ghez The discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity / for the disco...
Physics: 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics
2021 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann, Giorgio Parisi The physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming / f...
Physics: 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics
2022 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, Anton Zeilinger Experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum inf...
Physics: 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics
2023 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, Anne L’Huillier Experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter....
Physics: 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics
2024 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: John J. Hopfield, Geoffrey Hinton Foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks....
Physics: 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics
2025 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, John M. Martinis The discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit....