Quantum Mechanics
Physics of atoms, electrons, and the very small
Physics: Photon
Photon A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and...
Physics: Entropy
Entropy Entropy is a scientific concept, most commonly associated with states of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty....
Physics: Nuclear fission
Nuclear fission Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei....
Physics: Aspect's experiment
Aspect's experiment By: Alain Aspect (1982) Aspect's experiment was the first quantum mechanics experiment to demonstrate the violation of Bell's inequalities with photons using distant detectors....
Physics: Quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon wherein the quantum state of each particle in a group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, even when the particles...
Physics: Quantum tunnelling
Quantum tunnelling In physics, quantum tunnelling, barrier penetration, or simply tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an object such as an electron or atom passes through a potenti...
Physics: Higgs boson
Higgs boson The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the...
Physics: Franck–Hertz experiment
Franck–Hertz experiment By: Franck and Hertz (1914) The Franck–Hertz experiment was the first electrical measurement to clearly show the quantum nature of atoms....
Physics: Max Planck
Max Planck (1858) Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (; German: [ˈmaks ˈplaŋk] ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist....
Physics: Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (1879) Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist best known for developing the theory of relativity....
Physics: Arnold Sommerfeld
Arnold Sommerfeld (1868) Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (German: [ˈaʁnɔlt ˈzɔmɐˌfɛlt]; 5 December 1868 – 26 April 1951) was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in both atomi...
Physics: Stern–Gerlach experiment
Stern–Gerlach experiment By: Stern and Gerlach (1922) In quantum physics, the Stern–Gerlach experiment demonstrated that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized....
Physics: Niels Bohr
Niels Bohr (1885) Niels Henrik David Bohr (; Danish: [ˈne̝ls ˈpoɐ̯ˀ]; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic...
Physics: Max Born
Max Born (1882) Max Born (German: [ˈmaks ˈbɔʁn] ; 11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German–British theoretical physicist who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics....
Physics: Louis de Broglie
Louis de Broglie (1892) Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (French: [də bʁɔj] ; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French theoretical physicist and aristocrat known for his contributi...
Physics: Arthur Compton
Arthur Compton (1892) Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) was an American physicist who shared the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics with C....
Physics: Satyendra Nath Bose
Satyendra Nath Bose (1894) Satyendra Nath Bose (; 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician....
Physics: Erwin Schrodinger
Erwin Schrodinger (1887) Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961) was an Austrian–Irish theoretical physicist who developed fundamental results in quantum theory....
Physics: Werner Heisenberg
Werner Heisenberg (1901) Werner Karl Heisenberg (; German: [ˈvɛʁnɐ ˈhaɪzn̩bɛʁk] ; 5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist, one of the main pioneers of the theory of quan...
Physics: Paul Dirac
Paul Dirac (1902) Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac ( dih-RAK; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was a British theoretical physicist who is considered to be one of the founders of quantum mechanics....
Physics: Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Pauli (1900) Wolfgang Ernst Pauli ( PAW-lee; German: [ˈpaʊ̯li] ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian–Swiss theoretical physicist and a pioneer of quantum mechanics....
Physics: Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (1901) Enrico Fermi (Italian: [enˈriːko ˈfermi]; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian–American physicist, renowned for being the creator of the world's first artificial n...
Physics: Delayed-choice quantum eraser
Delayed-choice quantum eraser By: Marlan Scully (1999) A delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment is an elaboration on the quantum eraser experiment that incorporates concepts considered in John Arch...
Physics: 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics
1921 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Albert Einstein His services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect....
Physics: Electrostatics
Electrostatics Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies slow-moving or stationary electric charges on macroscopic objects where quantum effects can be neglected....
Physics: Hans Bethe
Hans Bethe (1906) Hans Albrecht Eduard Bethe (; German: [ˈhans ˈbeːtə] ; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American physicist who made major contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, q...
Physics: Photoelectric effect
Photoelectric effect The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light....
Physics: Compton scattering
Compton scattering Compton scattering (or the Compton effect) is the quantum theory of scattering of a high-frequency photon through an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron....
Physics: Freeman Dyson
Freeman Dyson (1923) Freeman John Dyson (15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020) was a British-American theoretical physicist and mathematician known for his works in quantum field theory, astrophysics...
Physics: 1923 Nobel Prize in Physics
1923 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Robert Andrews Millikan His work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect....
Physics: Bose–Einstein condensate
Bose–Einstein condensate In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatur...
Physics: Francis Crick
Francis Crick (1916) Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist....
Physics: Klaus von Klitzing
Klaus von Klitzing (1943) Klaus von Klitzing (German: [ˈklaʊs fɔn ˈklɪtsɪŋ] ; born 28 June 1943) is a German physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, for which he was awarde...
Physics: 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics
1932 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Werner Karl Heisenberg The creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen....
Physics: Uncertainty principle
Uncertainty principle The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics....
Physics: Pauli exclusion principle
Pauli exclusion principle In quantum mechanics, the Pauli exclusion principle (German: Pauli-Ausschlussprinzip) states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i....
Physics: Photoelectric effect
Photoelectric effect The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light....
Physics: De Broglie hypothesis
De Broglie hypothesis Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics, being half of wave–particle duality....
Physics: Born rule
Born rule The Born rule is a postulate of quantum mechanics that gives the probability that a measurement of a quantum system will yield a given result....
Physics: Fermi's golden rule
Fermi's golden rule In quantum physics, Fermi's golden rule is a formula that describes the transition rate (the probability of a transition per unit time) from one energy eigenstate of a quantum sys...
Physics: Reinhard Genzel
Reinhard Genzel (1952) Reinhard Genzel (German pronunciation: [ˈʁaɪnhaʁt ˈɡɛntsl̩] ; born 24 March 1952) is a German astrophysicist, co-director of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Phys...
Physics: Alain Aspect
Alain Aspect (1947) Alain Jean Aspect (French: [aspɛ] ; born 15 June 1947) is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement....
Physics: John Clauser
John Clauser (1942) John Francis Clauser (; born December 1, 1942) is an American theoretical and experimental physicist known for contributions to the foundations of quantum mechanics, in particular...
Physics: Anton Zeilinger
Anton Zeilinger (1945) Anton Zeilinger (German: [ˈanton ˈtsaɪlɪŋɐ]; born 20 May 1945) is an Austrian quantum physicist and Nobel laureate in physics of 2022....
Physics: 1945 Nobel Prize in Physics
1945 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Wolfgang Pauli The discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle....
Physics: Ferenc Krausz
Ferenc Krausz (1962) Ferenc Krausz (born 17 May 1962) is a Hungarian physicist working in attosecond science....
Physics: Bohr model
Bohr model In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model is an obsolete model of the atom that incorporated some early quantum concepts....
Physics: Edward Witten
Edward Witten (1951) Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist known for his contributions to string theory, topological quantum field theory, and various areas of mat...
Physics: Superposition principle
Superposition principle The superposition principle, also known as superposition property, states that, for all linear systems, the net response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the respon...
Physics: Complementarity (physics)
Complementarity (physics) In physics, complementarity is a conceptual aspect of quantum mechanics that Niels Bohr regarded as an essential feature of the theory....
Physics: Wave–particle duality
Wave–particle duality Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave properties according to...
Physics: 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics
1954 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Max Born, Walther Bothe His fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction / for the coincidence...
Physics: Bell's theorem
Bell's theorem Bell's theorem is a term encompassing a number of closely related results in physics, all of which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories,...
Physics: 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics
1964 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov Fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the ...
Physics: 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics
1965 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman Their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics o...
Physics: 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics
1998 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui Their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations....
Physics: 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics
1999 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman Elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics....
Physics: 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics
2001 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman The achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental st...
Physics: 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics
2005 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch His contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence / for their contributions to the development of la...
Physics: 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics
2012 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Serge Haroche, David J. Wineland Ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems....
Physics: 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics
2022 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, Anton Zeilinger Experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum inf...
Physics: 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics
2025 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, John M. Martinis The discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit....