Condensed Matter
Solids, liquids, superconductors, and everyday materials
Physics: 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics
1902 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman In recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radia...
Physics: Electric field
Electric field An electric field (sometimes called E-field) is a physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles such as electrons....
Physics: Magnetic field
Magnetic field In electromagnetism, magnetic field is a physical property of space that quantifies the magnetic strength at a given location....
Physics: Superconductivity
Superconductivity Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in superconductors: materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material....
Physics: Plasma (physics)
Plasma (physics) Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma) 'that which has been formed or moulded or the result of forming or moulding') is a state of matter that results from a gaseous state havin...
Physics: Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday (1791) Michael Faraday ( FAYR-uh-day; 22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English chemist and physicist who contributed vastly to the study of electrochemistry and electromagne...
Physics: 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics
1914 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Max von Laue His discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals....
Physics: 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics
1915 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg Their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays....
Physics: Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (1859) Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist and chemist, and a pioneer in crystallography and magnetism....
Physics: Davisson–Germer experiment
Davisson–Germer experiment By: Davisson and Germer (1927) The Davisson–Germer experiment was conducted from 1923 to 1927 by Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer at Western Electric (later Bell Labs)....
Physics: Semiconductor
Semiconductor A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator....
Physics: Transistor
Transistor A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power....
Physics: Integrated circuit
Integrated circuit An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip or simply chip, is a compact assembly of electronic circuits formed from various electronic components, such as transistors, r...
Physics: Magnetism
Magnetism Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other....
Physics: Superfluidity
Superfluidity Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy....
Physics: Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, ...
Physics: Hall effect
Hall effect The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference, across an electrical conductor, that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field pe...
Physics: Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction In electromagnetism, Faraday's law of induction describes how a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a circuit....
Physics: Spring (device)
Spring (device) A spring is a device consisting of an elastic but largely rigid material (typically metal) bent or molded into a form (especially a coil) that can return into shape after being compre...
Physics: Klaus von Klitzing
Klaus von Klitzing (1943) Klaus von Klitzing (German: [ˈklaʊs fɔn ˈklɪtsɪŋ] ; born 28 June 1943) is a German physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, for which he was awarde...
Physics: Ampere's circuital law
Ampere's circuital law In classical electromagnetism, Ampère's circuital law, often simply called Ampère's law, and sometimes Oersted's law, relates the circulation of a magnetic field around a close...
Physics: 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics
1937 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson Their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals....
Physics: Leo Esaki
Leo Esaki (1925) Leo Esaki (born March 12, 1925) is a Japanese solid-state physicist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson for his work on tunneling in semi...
Physics: 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics
1956 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain Their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect....
Physics: 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics
1970 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, Louis Eugène Félix Néel Fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of p...
Physics: 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics
1972 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer Their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory....
Physics: 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics
1973 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson Their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectivel...
Physics: 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics
1985 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Klaus von Klitzing The discovery of the quantized Hall effect....
Physics: 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics
1987 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller Their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials....
Physics: 1991 Nobel Prize in Physics
1991 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, ...
Physics: 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics
1996 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson Their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3....
Physics: 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics
2000 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby Developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics / for his part in the inv...