Relativity
Space, time, and gravity at extreme speeds or scales
Physics: Time dilation
Time dilation Time dilation is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity, a consequence of special relativity, or a difference in gravitational p...
Physics: Black hole
Black hole A black hole is an astronomical body so compact that its gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping....
Physics: Spacetime
Spacetime In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional co...
Physics: Gravitational wave
Gravitational wave Gravitational waves are waves of spacetime curvature that propagate at the speed of light and are produced by the relative motion of gravitating masses....
Physics: Hendrik Lorentz
Hendrik Lorentz (1853) Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (18 July 1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch theoretical physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for their discovery and ...
Physics: Pieter Zeeman
Pieter Zeeman (1865) Pieter Zeeman (25 May 1865 – 9 October 1943) was a Dutch experimental physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for their discovery and theoretica...
Physics: Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (1879) Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist best known for developing the theory of relativity....
Physics: Arthur Eddington
Arthur Eddington (1882) Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an English astrophysicist and mathematician....
Physics: Bose–Einstein condensate
Bose–Einstein condensate In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatur...
Physics: Mach number
Mach number The Mach number (M or Ma), often only Mach (; German: [max]), is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of s...
Physics: John Wheeler
John Wheeler (1911) John Archibald Wheeler (July 9, 1911 – April 13, 2008) was an American theoretical physicist....
Physics: Eddington experiment
Eddington experiment By: Arthur Eddington (1919) The Eddington experiment was an observational test of general relativity, organised by the British astronomers Frank Watson Dyson and Arthur Stanley E...
Physics: Pound–Rebka experiment
Pound–Rebka experiment By: Pound and Rebka (1959) The Pound–Rebka experiment monitored frequency shifts in gamma rays as they rose and fell in the gravitational field of the Earth....
Physics: Lens (optics)
Lens (optics) A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction....
Physics: Gravity Probe B
Gravity Probe B By: NASA / Stanford (2004) Gravity Probe B (GP-B) was a satellite-based experiment whose objective was to test two previously-unverified predictions of general relativity: the geodeti...
Physics: First observation of gravitational waves
First observation of gravitational waves By: LIGO (2015) The first direct observation of gravitational waves was made on 14 September 2015 and was announced by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations on 11...
Physics: Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations Maxwell's equations are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical opt...
Physics: Special relativity
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time....
Physics: General relativity
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in May ...
Physics: Equivalence principle
Equivalence principle The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature....
Physics: Lorentz transformation
Lorentz transformation In physics, the Lorentz transformations are a six-parameter family of linear transformations from a coordinate frame in spacetime to another frame that moves at a constant velo...
Physics: Karl Schwarzschild
Karl Schwarzschild (1873) Karl Schwarzschild (German: [kaʁl ˈʃvaʁtsʃɪlt] ; 9 October 1873 – 11 May 1916) was a German physicist and astronomer....
Physics: Mach's principle
Mach's principle In theoretical physics, particularly in discussions of gravitation theories, Mach's principle (or Mach's conjecture) is the name given by Albert Einstein to an imprecise hypothesis o...
Physics: 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics
2001 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman The achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental st...
Physics: 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics
2017 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Rainer Weiss, Barry C. Barish, Kip S. Thorne Decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves....
Physics: 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics
2020 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel, Andrea Ghez The discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity / for the disco...
Physics: 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics
2024 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: John J. Hopfield, Geoffrey Hinton Foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks....