Hebrew Word Studies (20 words)
“The Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters” (Genesis 1:2). From the opening verses, עַל marks God’s sovereignty above the chaotic deep, foreshadowing His orderly governance of the “The Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters” (Genesis 1:2). From the opening verses, עַל marks God’s sovereignty above the chaotic deep, foreshadowing His orderly governance of the
- upon (semantic_range)
- on account of (semantic_range)
- to (semantic_range)
45head(common Semitic word; earliest form *ra°š, Arabic, SabeanראסPräZMG xxix (1875). 425MordtmHim.Inschr. 31; EthiopicAmharichence (aheightened) Assyrianrêšu(rarelyrâšu), Aramaicרֵישָׁא(Egyptian Aram 45head(common Semitic word; earliest form *ra°š, Arabic, SabeanראסPräZMG xxix (1875). 425MordtmHim.Inschr. 31; EthiopicAmharichence (aheightened) Assyrianrêšu(rarelyrâšu), Aramaicרֵישָׁא(Egyptian Aram
- chief (semantic_range)
- sum (semantic_range)
26, readהוֺרֵיעָֿד; but betterהַרֲרֵיעַֿדeverlasting mountains, seeהַרbelowהרר.הַר558noun masculineGenesis 7:19mountain, hill, hill-country(Late Hebrewid., pluralהָרִים,הֲרָרִים; PhoenicianהרCISi. 3, 26, readהוֺרֵיעָֿד; but betterהַרֲרֵיעַֿדeverlasting mountains, seeהַרbelowהרר.הַר558noun masculineGenesis 7:19mountain, hill, hill-country(Late Hebrewid., pluralהָרִים,הֲרָרִים; PhoenicianהרCISi. 3,
63;1 Kings 13:2,זָבַחְתָּExodus 20:243t.,זָבַחְתִּיEzekiel 39:19,זָָֽבְחוּExodus 34:15;Leviticus 17:5,זְבַחְתֶּםExodus 8:24,זָבַחְנוּExodus 8:23;ImperfectוַיִּזְבַּחGenesis 31:5414t.; 2 masculine sing 63;1 Kings 13:2,זָבַחְתָּExodus 20:243t.,זָבַחְתִּיEzekiel 39:19,זָָֽבְחוּExodus 34:15;Leviticus 17:5,זְבַחְתֶּםExodus 8:24,זָבַחְנוּExodus 8:23;ImperfectוַיִּזְבַּחGenesis 31:5414t.; 2 masculine sing
- sacrifice (semantic_range)
- the covenant sacrifice (semantic_range)
- the passover (semantic_range)
- annual sacrifice (semantic_range)
- thank offering (semantic_range)
“The Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters” (Genesis 1:2). From the opening verses, עַל marks God’s sovereignty above the chaotic deep, foreshadowing His orderly governance of the “The Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters” (Genesis 1:2). From the opening verses, עַל marks God’s sovereignty above the chaotic deep, foreshadowing His orderly governance of the
- upon (semantic_range)
- on account of (semantic_range)
- to (semantic_range)
2513t. +Ezekiel 6:13(strike out Co q. v.)1 Samuel 7:1;2 Samuel 6:3,4 (compare Dr); constructגִּבְעַתJoshua 5:38t. +1 Samuel 10:5(compare Dr); suffixגִּבְעָתִיEzekiel 34:26(but strike out Co),גִּבְעָתָ 2513t. +Ezekiel 6:13(strike out Co q. v.)1 Samuel 7:1;2 Samuel 6:3,4 (compare Dr); constructגִּבְעַתJoshua 5:38t. +1 Samuel 10:5(compare Dr); suffixגִּבְעָתִיEzekiel 34:26(but strike out Co),גִּבְעָתָ
- hill (semantic_range)
13+,קִטַּרְתֶּםJeremiah 44:21,23;Imperfect3masculine singularיְקַטֵּרHabakkuk 1:16+; 3 masculine pluralיְקַטֵּר֑וּןHosea 11:2, etc.;Infinitive absoluteקַטֵּר1 Samuel 2:16+;constructJeremiah 11:13+,Par 13+,קִטַּרְתֶּםJeremiah 44:21,23;Imperfect3masculine singularיְקַטֵּרHabakkuk 1:16+; 3 masculine pluralיְקַטֵּר֑וּןHosea 11:2, etc.;Infinitive absoluteקַטֵּר1 Samuel 2:16+;constructJeremiah 11:13+,Par
- joint (semantic_range)
- knot (semantic_range)
4(Cooke320), Syriac); —1asadverb accusativeGenesis 49:25(=Deuteronomy 33:13) the deepרֹבֶצֶת תָּ֑חַתthat couchethbeneath; more usually withמִן,מִתָּחַתliterallyoff(מִן1c)the under part = beneath,Exodu 4(Cooke320), Syriac); —1asadverb accusativeGenesis 49:25(=Deuteronomy 33:13) the deepרֹבֶצֶת תָּ֑חַתthat couchethbeneath; more usually withמִן,מִתָּחַתliterallyoff(מִן1c)the under part = beneath,Exodu
- underneath (semantic_range)
- below (semantic_range)
- instead of (semantic_range)
8oak(ᵐ5βάλανος,δρῦς, etc.) —׳אabsoluteGenesis 35:8+; constructib.; pluralאַלּוֺנִיםAmos 2:9;Ezekiel 27:6; constructאַלּוֺנֵיIsaiah 2:13;Zechariah 11:12; — as marking grave of Deborah, Rebekah's nurseG 8oak(ᵐ5βάλανος,δρῦς, etc.) —׳אabsoluteGenesis 35:8+; constructib.; pluralאַלּוֺנִיםAmos 2:9;Ezekiel 27:6; constructאַלּוֺנֵיIsaiah 2:13;Zechariah 11:12; — as marking grave of Deborah, Rebekah's nurseG
37לַח וְלוּז וְעַרְמוֺן׳מַקַּל לas marking places of idolatrous incense-burningתַּחַת אַלּוֺן וְלִבְנֶה וְּאֵלָהHosea 4:13.**named from exuding milky (white) gum De Ges and others.Topical LexiconBotan 37לַח וְלוּז וְעַרְמוֺן׳מַקַּל לas marking places of idolatrous incense-burningתַּחַת אַלּוֺן וְלִבְנֶה וְּאֵלָהHosea 4:13.**named from exuding milky (white) gum De Ges and others.Topical LexiconBotan
- brick (semantic_range)
- tile (semantic_range)
- tile (semantic_range)
- pavement (semantic_range)
415t. +אֵילָהGenesis 49:21(forᵑ0אַיָּלָהsee below) —terebinth=Pistacia terebinthus, Linn., a deciduous tree with pinnate leaves & red berries; occasional in Palestine; grows to great age; always of si 415t. +אֵילָהGenesis 49:21(forᵑ0אַיָּלָהsee below) —terebinth=Pistacia terebinthus, Linn., a deciduous tree with pinnate leaves & red berries; occasional in Palestine; grows to great age; always of si
- these (semantic_range)
Phoenicianכ. Probably from the same demonstrative basis found inhere, and in certain pronouns, as Aramaicדֵּךְthis(WSG 110 f.); perhaps also ultimately akin withthat, in order that, andthen, enclitic, Phoenicianכ. Probably from the same demonstrative basis found inhere, and in certain pronouns, as Aramaicדֵּךְthis(WSG 110 f.); perhaps also ultimately akin withthat, in order that, andthen, enclitic,
- for (semantic_range)
- when (semantic_range)
- when (semantic_range)
Fromtowb; good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good or good thing, a good man or woman; the Fromtowb; good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good or good thing, a good man or woman; the
- good things (semantic_range)
- goods (semantic_range)
- goodness (semantic_range)
4shadow; —׳צabsolute2 Kings 20:9+, constructGenesis 19:8+; suffixצִלְךָPsalm 121:5,צִלּוֺEzekiel 31:6+, alsoצִלְלוֺJob 40:22, etc.; pluralצְלָלִיםSongs 2:17;Songs 4:6; constructצִלְלֵיJeremiah 6:4; —1 4shadow; —׳צabsolute2 Kings 20:9+, constructGenesis 19:8+; suffixצִלְךָPsalm 121:5,צִלּוֺEzekiel 31:6+, alsoצִלְלוֺJob 40:22, etc.; pluralצְלָלִיםSongs 2:17;Songs 4:6; constructצִלְלֵיJeremiah 6:4; —1
“The Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters” (Genesis 1:2). From the opening verses, עַל marks God’s sovereignty above the chaotic deep, foreshadowing His orderly governance of the “The Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters” (Genesis 1:2). From the opening verses, עַל marks God’s sovereignty above the chaotic deep, foreshadowing His orderly governance of the
- upon (semantic_range)
- on account of (semantic_range)
- to (semantic_range)
29+ (on possibly construct see2near the end); pluralכֵּנִיםGenesis 42:11,19,31,33,34; —1right, usually indecl., often as substantivea right thing, especially with vbb.dicendiExodus 10:29(J)כֵּן דִּבַּ 29+ (on possibly construct see2near the end); pluralכֵּנִיםGenesis 42:11,19,31,33,34; —1right, usually indecl., often as substantivea right thing, especially with vbb.dicendiExodus 10:29(J)כֵּן דִּבַּ
- thus (semantic_range)
- as follows (semantic_range)
16,זָָֽנְתָהGenesis 38:343t., etc.;Imperfectיִזְנֶ֯ה(Kt)Ezekiel 23:43;תִּזְנֶהLeviticus 19:294t.;וַתִּ֫זֶןJeremiah 3:8;Ezekiel 23:5;תִּזְנִיHosea 3:3;וַתִּזְנִיJeremiah 3:6(but read probablyוַתִּזְנִי 16,זָָֽנְתָהGenesis 38:343t., etc.;Imperfectיִזְנֶ֯ה(Kt)Ezekiel 23:43;תִּזְנֶהLeviticus 19:294t.;וַתִּ֫זֶןJeremiah 3:8;Ezekiel 23:5;תִּזְנִיHosea 3:3;וַתִּזְנִיJeremiah 3:6(but read probablyוַתִּזְנִי
- commit fornication (semantic_range)
- be a harlot (semantic_range)
- be (semantic_range)
- act as a harlot (semantic_range)
- of improper intercourse with foreign nations (semantic_range)
16+; constructGenesis 11:29+; suffixבִּתִּיDeuteronomy 22:16+;בִּתְּךָGenesis 29:18+;בִּתֵּנוּGenesis 34:17etc.; pluralבָּנוֺתGenesis 5:4+; constructבְּנוֺתGenesis 6:2+; suffixבְּנֹתַיGenesis 31:26+;ב 16+; constructGenesis 11:29+; suffixבִּתִּיDeuteronomy 22:16+;בִּתְּךָGenesis 29:18+;בִּתֵּנוּGenesis 34:17etc.; pluralבָּנוֺתGenesis 5:4+; constructבְּנוֺתGenesis 6:2+; suffixבְּנֹתַיGenesis 31:26+;ב
- bath (semantic_range)
3214t.; suffixכַּלָּתוֺGenesis 11:315t.;כַּלָּתָהּRuth 1:222t., etc.; plural suffixכַּלֹּתֶיהָRuth 1:6,8,כַּלּוֺתֶיהָRuth 1:7,כַּלּוֺתֵיהֶםHosea 4:13,14; —1daughter-in-law, in reference to husband's f 3214t.; suffixכַּלָּתוֺGenesis 11:315t.;כַּלָּתָהּRuth 1:222t., etc.; plural suffixכַּלֹּתֶיהָRuth 1:6,8,כַּלּוֺתֶיהָRuth 1:7,כַּלּוֺתֵיהֶםHosea 4:13,14; —1daughter-in-law, in reference to husband's f
- bride (semantic_range)
—QalImperfect3masculine singularיִנְאַףLeviticus 20:10(twice in verse); 3masculine pluralוַיִּנְאָ֑פוּJeremiah 5:73t.Imperfect; Infinitive absoluteנָאוֺףJeremiah 23:14;נָאֹףHosea 4:2;Jeremiah 7:9;Part —QalImperfect3masculine singularיִנְאַףLeviticus 20:10(twice in verse); 3masculine pluralוַיִּנְאָ֑פוּJeremiah 5:73t.Imperfect; Infinitive absoluteנָאוֺףJeremiah 23:14;נָאֹףHosea 4:2;Jeremiah 7:9;Part
- adultery (semantic_range)
Interlinear data not available for this verse yet.
Commentary
Gill's Exposition
They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains,.... The highest part of them, nearest to the heavens, where they built their altars to idols, and offered sacrifice unto them, as we often read in Scripture they did: and burn incense upon the hills; to their idols, which was one kind of sacrifice put for all others: under oaks, and poplars, and elms; and indeed under every green tree that grew upon them, where there were groves of them raised up for this purpose; see Jer 2:20 , because the shadow, thereof is good; the shadow of these trees, of each of them, was large, and preserved them from the sultry heat of the sun, as well as hid them from the sight of men; they could perform their idolatrous rites, as well as gratify their impure lusts, with more privacy and secrecy; and perhaps they thought the gods delighted in such shady places, and that these were frequented by spirits, and the departed souls of
men; in such places the Heathens, whom the Jews imitated, built their temples, and offered their sacrifices (g). The "oak" is a very spreading tree; its branches are large, and its shadow very great: hence the religious Heathens in ancient times used to live under them, and worship them as gods, and dedicate temples to them, because they furnished them with acorns for food, and a shelter from the rain, and other inclemencies of the heavens (h); particularly the oak was consecrated to Jupiter, as appears from what Virgil says (i). The oak at Dodona is famous for its antiquity, where were a fountain and groves, and a temple dedicated to the same Heathen deity; and from whence oracles were given forth (k). The Druids here in Britain chose to have their groves of oaks; nor did they perform any of their sacred rites without the leaves of them: hence Pliny (l) says they had their name. The "poplar" mentioned is the white poplar, as the word used signifies, and which affords a very hospitable shadow, as the poet (m) calls it; and this was a tree also with the Heathens sacred to their gods, particularly to Hercules (n); because it is said he brought it first into Greece from the river Acheron, where it grew; and the wood of no other tree would the Eleans use, in preparing the sacrifices for Jupiter Olympius (o). The "elm" is also a very shady tree; hence Virgil (p) calls it "ulmus opaca, ingens": and under this tree sacrifices used to be offered to idols, as is evident from Eze 6:13 , where the same word is used as here, though it is there rendered an "oak"; but that it is different from the oak appears from these two words being read together, so that they cannot be names of one and the same tree, Isa 6:13 , where it is rendered the "teil tree", as distinct from the oak. Now these trees being very shady ones, and under which the Gentiles used to perform their religious rites, the Jews imitated them therein, which is here complained of. Therefore your daughters shall commit whoredoms, and your spouses shall commit adultery; or their "sons' wives" (q); either spiritually, that is, commit idolatry by the example of their parents and husbands; or corporeally, being left at home while their parents and husbands were worshipping their idols upon the mountains, as Aben Ezra and Kimchi: and so this is to be considered as a punishment of the idolatry of their parents and husbands; that as they commit spiritual adultery against God, or idolatry, their daughters and wives shall be given up to such vile affections, or by force shall be made to commit corporeal adultery against them; or rather the sense is, led by the example of their parents and husbands, whom they see not only sacrifice to idols in the above places, but commit uncleanness with harlots there, they will throw off all shame, and commit whoredom with men: for so the words may be rendered, "hence your daughters", &c.; so Abarbinel. (g) "Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbra: Hic templum Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido Condebat." Virgil. Aeneid. l. 1. (h) Vid. Chartarii Imagines Deorum, p. 5. (i) "Sicubi magna Jovis antiquo robore quercus, Ingenteis tendat ramos------", Georgic. l. 3. "Altissima quercus erat Jovis signum", Alex. ab Alex. Genial. Dier. l. 4. c. 12. (k) Vid. Pausan. Attica, sive l. 1. p. 30. Achaica, sive l. 7. p. 438. Arcadica, sive l. 8. p. 490. & Alex. ab Alex. Genial. Dier. l. 6. c. 2. (l) Nat. Hist. l. 16. c. 44. (m) "Qua pinus ingens albaque populus, Umbram hospitalem consociare amant Ramis------" Horat. (n) "Populus Alcidae gratissima", Virgil. Bucolic. Eclog. 7. Vid. Aeneid. l. 1. "Herculi populus", Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 12. c. 1. (o) Pausan. Eliac. 1. sive l. 5. p. 313. (p) Aeneid. l. 6. (q) "nurus vestrae", Montanus, Vatablus, Piscator, Liveleus, Cocceius, Schmidt, Gussetius.